Thermite (powder Al + Fe 2O 3 as oxidizer)Ĭompressed air at 300 bar (at 12☌), without container Teflon plastic (combustion toxic, but flame retardant) Tetranitromethane + hydrazine explosive - computed Sugars, carbohydrates & proteins metabolism Specific orbital energy of Low Earth orbit Gaseous hydrogen at room temperature Ĭrude oil (according to the definition of ton of oil equivalent) Natural uranium (0.7% U235) in light water reactorĬompressed gaseous hydrogen at 700 bar Natural uranium (99.3% U238, 0.7% U235) in fast breeder reactor Įnriched uranium (3.5% U235) in light water reactor Nuclear fission (of U-235) (Used in nuclear power plants)
Nuclear fusion of hydrogen (energy from the sun) In cases where this is not true (such as rocket fuel), oxygen is included as an oxidizer.Įnergy density of various storage media. This table does not take into account the mass and volume of the oxygen required for many of the chemical reactions, as it is assumed to be freely available and present in the atmosphere. See Heating value for a comprehensive table of specific energies of important fuels. Note: Some values may not be precise because of isomers or other irregularities. Gravimetric and volumetric energy density of some fuels and storage technologies (modified from the Gasoline article): And in general, specific energy and energy density are at odds due to charge screening. In the context of fuel selection, that energy density of a fuel is also called the specific energy of that fuel, though in general an engine using that fuel will yield less energy due to inefficiencies and thermodynamic considerations-hence the specific fuel consumption of an engine will be greater than the reciprocal of the specific energy of the fuel. The higher the energy density, the more energy may be stored or transported for the same amount of mass. In energy storage applications, the energy density relates the mass of an energy store to its stored energy. 2 Energy density of electric and magnetic fieldsĮnergy density in energy storage and in fuel.1 Energy density in energy storage and in fuel.(Hydrogen has a higher energy density per unit mass than does gasoline, but a much lower energy density per unit volume in most applications.)Įnergy density per unit volume has the same physical units as pressure, and in many circumstances is an exact synonym: for example, the energy density of the magnetic field may be expressed as (and behaves as) a physical pressure, and the energy required to compress a gas may be determined by multiplying the pressure of the compressed gas times its change in volume. In a few applications (comparing, for example, the effectiveness of hydrogen fuel to gasoline) both figures are appropriate and should be called out explicitly. In some cases it is obvious from context which quantity is most useful: for example, in rocketry, energy per unit mass is the most important parameter, but when studying pressurized gas or magnetohydrodynamics the energy per unit volume is more appropriate. Energy density is the amount of energy stored in a given system or region of space per unit volume, or per unit mass, depending on the context.
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